The prevalence of ASPD is low in the population (1–3%),1 with a well-established role of early adverse environment in its etiology.29, 30 We hypothesized that the most significant hit in the ASPD analyses, the risk allele G of rs4714329, would also have an impact on antisocial features in the general population, especially among those individuals who had encountered severe difficulties in their childhood. Thus, we tested the risk variant in the Health 2000 population sample for association with antisocial tendencies, and also performed a gene × environment interaction analysis, where reported severe conflicts or economic difficulties in the childhood family were considered as a risk environment. As a measure of antisocial features, we utilized a scale assessed in the Health 2000 survey and focusing on deceitfulness, distrust to other people, and lack of empathy (see Supplementary Information for phenotype in the secondary analysis of the population-based sample). No signal was detected for the main effect of antisocial features in the complete sample (males and females: N=4944, β=0.13, P=0.175; males only: N=2211, β=0.203, P=0.143). However, there was a modest signal for
