activity may also be a source of maintenance of addictive behavior, given the roles of the cerebellum (Grafman et al., 1992; Doyon et al., 1997; Hubert et al., 2009) and basal ganglia (Heindel et al., 1989; Pascual-Leone et al., 1993; Witt et al., 2002) in implicit and procedural learning (see this issue Bostan and Strick, 2010). By its nature, implicit learning is accomplished with little to no conscious awareness and therefore can skirt the purview of therapy and contribute to denial (cf., Le Berre et al., 2010), the first “step” alcoholics must overcome to reduce harmful drinking levels (Wilson, 2001).
