Results of the analyses showed racial group differences in the effects of permissive and authoritarian parenting on level of HED. Specifically, permissive and authoritarian parenting styles among Caucasians were not associated with level of HED at age 12 years (all p values > .05). Whereas among African Americans, both permissive and authoritarian parenting styles were associated with greater level of HED at age 12 years as compared with balanced parenting (γi = .18, p < .01, γi = .54, p < .05, respectively). For Caucasian adolescents, uninvolved, permissive, and authoritarian parenting were not associated with a greater level of HED as age increased yearly as compared with adolescents exposed to balanced parenting. For African Americans, authoritarian parenting was associated with a less steep increase in HED as age increased yearly as compared with balanced parenting (γs = −.43, p < .01).
