Similarly, parents with alcohol problems may be more likely to exhibit maladaptive behaviors in the household which, in turn, are associated with offspring having expectancies and beliefs which lead to increased risk for alcohol dependence (Jacob & Johnson, 1997). Moreover, maladaptive coping and cognitive styles that deemphasize problem-solving may also be modeled and internalized by offspring. Additionally, several childhood stressors (e.g., physical and sexual abuse, family dysfunction, interpersonal violence, terrorism exposure), regardless of parental divorce and alcohol problems, have been shown to impact drinking and increase the risk for alcohol problems (Anda, Whitfield, Felitti, Chapman, Edwards, Dube, & Williamson, 2002; Anda, Felitti, Bremner, Whitfield, Perry, Dube & Giles, 2006; Dube et al., 2001; Dube et al.; 2002; Kendler, Bulik, Silberg, Hettema, Myers & Prescott, 2000; Schiff, Zweig, Benbenishty, & Hasin, 2007).
