The present report is based on analysis of data for 196 offspring who were evaluated during childhood and adolescence (ages 8 to 18). High risk offspring from maternal multiplex families (N = 103) (46 male and 57 female), or low-risk offspring (N = 93) selected for minimal familial substance use disorders (53 male and 40 female) were assessed at approximately annual intervals multiple times (Table 2a). The present report is based on a total of 1,119 assessments. To date, 116 have been evaluated during young adulthood (19–30 years of age) (Table 2b). The study has ongoing approval from the University of Pittsburgh Institutional Review Board. All participants provided informed consent at each follow-up visit. Children provided assent with parental consent.
