Prevalence of DSM-IV lifetime binge eating disorder (BED), a proxy for food addiction, has been estimated at 1–3%62,63. In a St. Louis community sample of 18+ year-olds (55% female) assessed in 2001–2002, past-year prevalence of probable DSM-IV BED did not significantly differ for Whites (6.9%, n = 739) and Blacks (4.5%, n = 133)64; associations of AUD and tobacco dependence with BED also were assessed, but not reported by ethnicity. Smith et al.65 examined current (past 3–6 month) DSM-IV BED in a biracial epidemiologic study of 3,948 individuals (55% women, 48% Black) aged 28–40 years in 1995–1996. The total sample BED prevalence was 1.5%, and Black men (0.4%) had significantly lower BED rates than Black women (2.2%), White women (2.0%), and White men (1.2%). In the 2007 National Institutes of Mental Health Collaborative Psychiatric Epidemiology Surveys (NIMH CPES), prevalence of DSM-IV BED was 2.7% in Asians (n = 972) and 1.0% in non-Hispanic Whites (n = 7,487), which were not significantly different66. The 2009–2011 Nurses’ Health Study II (NHS-II) examined DSM-IV BED in a national sample of 73,289 45–64 year-old
