Within UK Biobank we used the broad definition of depression 5 with more detailed phenotypic information available in that paper. In summary, case and control status of broad depression was defined by the participants’ response to the questions ‘Have you ever seen a general practitioner for nerves, anxiety, tension or depression?’ or ‘Have you ever seen a psychiatrist for nerves, anxiety, tension or depression?’. Exclusions were applied to participants who were identified with bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, or personality disorder using self-declared data following the approach of Smith, et al. 54 as well as prescriptions for antipsychotic medications. This provided a total of 127,552 cases and 233,763 controls (n = 361,315, prevalence = 0.353) for analysis.
