Chunk #15 — Methods — Causal evidence for risk-outcome pairs

Source

Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016.

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arthritis0····50····No··YesNo3SmokingLow back pain0····130····No··YesYes3SmokingCataract0····130····No··YesNo3SmokingMacular degeneration0····50····No··YesNo3SmokingLow bone mass- related fractures0····1414····No··YesYes3SmokingHip fracture0····1520····No··YesYes3SmokingAbdominal aortic aneurism0····100····No··YesYes3Smokeless tobaccoOral cancer0····40215Yes··YesYes3Smokeless tobaccoOesophageal cancer0····20100Yes··YesYes3Second-hand smokeLower respiratory infections0····180····NoYesYesYes3Second-hand smokeOtitis media0····1040No··YesYes3Second-hand smokeTracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer0····130····NoYesYesYes3Second-hand smokeBreast cancer0····210····No··YesYes3Second-hand smokeIschaemic heart disease0····50····NoYesYesYes3Second-hand smokeIschaemic stroke0····403··NoYesYesYes3Second-hand smokeHaemorrhagic stroke0····403··NoYesYesYes3Second-hand smokeChronic obstructive pulmonary disease0····2010NoYesYesYes3Second-hand smokeDiabetes mellitus0····50····No··YesYes2Alcohol and drug use3Alcohol useTuberculosis0····301811YesYesYesYes3Alcohol useLower respiratory infections0····2020YesYesYesYes3Alcohol useLip and oral cavity cancer0····60····YesYesYesYes3Alcohol useNasopharynx cancer0····60····YesYesYesYes3Alcohol useOther pharynx cancer0····60····YesYesYesYes3Alcohol useOesophageal cancer0····100····YesYesYesYes3Alcohol useColon and rectum cancer0····1513····YesYesYesYes3Alcohol useLiver cancer0····90····YesYesYesYes3Alcohol useLarynx cancer0····70····YesYesYesYes3Alcohol useBreast cancer0····1323····YesYesYesYes3Alcohol useIschaemic heart disease0····630····YesYesYesYes3Alcohol useIschaemic stroke0····200····YesYesYesYes3Alcohol useHaemorrhagic stroke0····160····YesYesYesYes3Alcohol useHypertensive heart disease0····120····YesYesYesYes3Alcohol useAtrial fibrillation and flutter0····1010····YesYesYesYes3Alcohol useCirrhosis0····140····YesYesYesYes3Alcohol usePancreatitis0····45030YesYesYesNo3Alcohol useEpilepsy0····1020NoYesYesNo3Alcohol useDiabetes mellitus0····3732····YesYesYesNo3Alcohol useMotor vehicle road injuries0····30····YesYesYesYes3Alcohol useUnintentional injuries0····4040YesYesYesYes3Alcohol useSelf-harm0····0······YesYesYesYes3Alcohol useInterpersonal violence0····2010YesYesYesYes3Drug useHepatitis B0····60····Yes··YesYes3Drug useHepatitis C0····160····Yes··YesYes3Drug useSelf-harm0····1000No··YesNo2Dietary risks3Diet low in fruitsLip and oral cavity cancer0····20150NoYesYesYes3Diet low in fruitsNasopharynx cancer0····20150NoYesYesYes3Diet low in fruitsOther pharynx cancer0····20150NoYesYesYes3Diet low in fruitsOesophageal cancer0····50····NoYesYesYes3Diet low in fruitsLarynx cancer0····20150NoYesYesYes3Diet low in fruitsTracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer0····220····NoYesYesYes3Diet low in fruitsIschaemic heart disease0····90····NoYesYesYes3Diet low in fruitsIschaemic stroke0····90····NoYesYesYes3Diet low in fruitsHaemorrhagic stroke0····50····NoYesYesYes3Diet low in fruitsDiabetes mellitus0····90····NoYesYesNo3Diet low in vegetablesOesophageal cancer0····50····NoYesYesNo3Diet low in vegetablesIschaemic heart disease0····90····NoYesYesYes3Diet low in vegetablesIschaemic stroke0····80····NoYesYesYes3Diet low in vegetablesHaemorrhagic stroke0····50····NoYesYesYes3Diet low in legumesIschaemic heart disease0····50····NoYesYesNo3Diet low in whole grainsIschaemic heart disease0····70····NoYesYesYes3Diet low in whole grainsIschaemic stroke0····60····NoYesYesYes3Diet low in whole grainsHaemorrhagic stroke0····60····NoYesYesYes3Diet low in whole grainsDiabetes mellitus0····100····NoYesYesNo3Diet low in nuts and seedsIschaemic heart