In our models, we predicted technostress and exhaustion using within- and between-person predictors and cross-level interactions. Within-person predictors in our models included time (the within-person change in technostress and exhaustion), weekly working hours, and cyberbullying at work. As between-person predictors, our models included the use of social media for formal and informal communication with colleagues and the work community at T1 and T2. To analyze between-person differences in the effect of COVID-19 on technostress and exhaustion, we added the cross-level interaction between time and formal and informal SMC (at T1 and T2) into our models. Our between-person covariates included social media use and measures on personality, occupational situation, and sociodemographic factors.
