A Mendelian randomization (MR)-based approach was designed to examine the relationship between the PSI imputed from genotypes and the GWAS AUD trait. In our implementation, the genetic variant (x) was the instrumental variable encoding the information from the DNA level. The genotype-imputed PSI \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${{{\hat{\mathrm \Psi }}}}_{\left( x \right)}$$\end{document}Ψ^x was an intermediate molecular trait (equivalent to the exposure in classic MR literature) [32]. Finally, the AUD phenotype was the outcome (y). A significant association between \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${{{\hat{\mathrm \Psi }}}}_{\left( x \right)}$$\end{document}Ψ^x and y indicates that genetic variants contribute to the outcome (AUD) via RNA splicing.
