1991; Parsian et al., 1991; Amadeo et al., 1993; Noble et al., 1994; Higuchi et al., 1994; Neiswanger et al., 1995; Hietala et al., 1997; Kono et al., 1997; Ishiguro et al., 1998; Noble, 2003; Foley et al., 2004; Konishi et al., 2004), there have also been numerous studies across a variety of samples, populations, and study designs which fail to find an association between DRD2 and alcohol outcomes (Arinami et al., 1993; Bolos et al., 1990; Chen et al., 1996, 1997, 2001; Cook et al., 1992; Cruz et al., 1995; Edenberg et al., 1998; Gelernter and Kranzler, 1999; Gelernter et al., 1991; Goldman et al., 1992, 1997; Lee et al., 1999; Lobos and Todd, 1998; Lu et al., 1996; Parsian et al., 2000; Sander et al., 1995, 1999; Schwab et al., 1991; Suarez et al., 1994; Turner et al., 1992; Waldman et al., 1999). Critics have proposed that much of this mixed literature resulted from the limitations of early genetic studies including small sample sizes and limited ability to tag all regions of a gene. However, results from more recent genetic association studies remain inconsistent with both positive (Hack et al., 2010, Filbey et al., 2011; Landgren et al.,
