Research documenting the relation between personality and alcohol problems has important implications regarding both assessment and treatment of AUDs. For example, Littlefield et al. (2009) suggest that their research documenting that changes in personality correspond with changes in alcohol problems implies that individuals that exhibit changes in both problematic drinking behaviors and personality may have undergone significant and beneficial change. Conversely, individuals that evidence changes in drinking behaviors but not personality may signify an elevated risk for relapse or sustained risk for associated problem behaviors.