Gender differences were similar across most countries; however, rankings were not similar for men and women in all countries. Specifically, women from Nigeria, Australia and New Zealand tended to have higher scores overall on negative consequences from drinking compared with women in other countries, whereas men from these countries tended to score closer to the average for men from other countries. The opposite was true for respondents from Kazakhstan where male respondents scored higher than men in most other countries but female respondents did not score higher than women in other countries. These findings underscore the need to take into consideration both gender and country when assessing the importance of different negative consequences from drinking. This finding may also reflect relatively small gender differences in alcohol consumption in Nigeria, Australia and New Zealand (21) when compared to many other countries.
