among African Americans than among European Americans, at almost all levels of drinking, with the most pronounced differences observed at low levels of drinking. Specifically, they found that African Americans who reported low to moderate levels of heavy drinking were three times more likely to experience negative social consequences from drinking (i.e., arguments or fights, accidents, and workplace, legal, and health problems as a result of drinking) and five times more likely to report dependence symptoms (i.e., loss of control, blackouts, hands shaking, and other physiological symptoms of excessive alcohol use) compared to European Americans with similar drinking patterns.
