The established T2D risk SNPs were polymorphic (frequency>0.05) in all racial/ethnic groups (Figure 1), except for rs10923931 (NOTCH2) in Japanese and Native Hawaiians and rs7903146 (TCF7L2) in Japanese (Table 2). In European populations these 19 SNPs have very modest odds ratios (1.1–1.3 per copy of the risk allele), and required studies of more than ten thousand cases and controls to reach genome-wide significance [3]–[13], [22]. Our sample sizes, although substantial, provided limited power to detect these modest effects (Table S1; power to achieve nominal significance (P = 0.05) of 34%, 47%, 67%, 54%, and 33%, in European Americans, African Americans, Latinos, Japanese Americans, and Native Hawaiians, respectively).
