or preexisting neural endophenotypic features. Fourth, the range of neuropsychological testing was limited to only two tests, and would be strengthened by future studies that administered a comprehensive battery of neuropsychological tests to elucidate specific patterns of deficits and their interactions across different domains. Fifth, the current study has used a single measure (BIS) of impulsivity, while the inclusion of other related traits (e.g., sensation seeking, delay discounting, etc.) may shed more light on the etiological connections among these variables in the development and/or maintenance of AUD. Sixth, studies may explore a range of disorders in the addiction spectrum, which can include both substance and behavioral addiction, in order to identify common neural substrates underlying the spectrum as well as distinct effects of specific substance or behavior. Finally, multimodal measures of brain connectivity, including structural MRI (white matter fiber tracts) and EEG measures, may help our understanding of the complex relationships between structural and functional brain connectivity [128] and their role in AUD, and these studies are underway in our lab. More synthesis across various brain imaging methods will be essential not only for cross-validating the findings across different modalities but also for interpreting them in the light of one
