To examine sex differences in the association of personality traits with longevity, the sex by trait interactions were tested. For most scales we found no evidence of interaction effects. However, the analyses revealed a significant interaction effect of sex with Ascendance (HR = 0.964, 95%CI = 0.933–0.996), such that higher scores on Ascendance were associated with lower risk of death among women but not among men. When the analyses were conducted on men and women separately, Emotional Stability (HR = 0.986, 95%CI = 0.974–0.998) and Conscientiousness (HR = 0.975, 95%CI = 0.954–0.996) were significant only in the male sample, but the effect sizes were essentially the same for the smaller female sample (HR = 0.982, 95%CI = 0.955–1.009 and HR = 0.966, 95%CI = 0.921–1.012, respectively). Similarly, on General Activity, men (HR = 0.989, 95%CI = 0.978–1.001) and women (HR = 0.976, 95%CI = 0.952–1.001) showed consistent effects.
