Performing a simple uncorrected association test for each of the nine phenotypes originally examined in ref. 13, we made the following estimates of the genomic control parameters λ: body mass index, 1.031; C-reactive protein (CRP), 1.007; diastolic blood pressure, 1.031; glucose, 1.045; high-density lipoprotein (HDL), 1.052; insulin plasma levels, 1.029; low-density lipoprotein, 1.098; systolic blood pressure, 1.066; triglyceride, 1.023. These values are all higher than the ones obtained previously with a smaller sample size13 and are substantially higher than what one would expect in a sample with no structure. In addition, the height phenotype, which was not analyzed in the previous study13, has a λ value of 1.187. For reference, note that a conservative estimate of the 95% confidence interval of the inflation factor is between 0.992 and 1.008, assuming independence between the markers.
