a specified number of years. Finally, our clinical sample of lower-familial-liability subjects may not have been large enough to demonstrate interactive effects. This study capitalized on the ability to consider the totality of inherited influences on antisocial outcome (rather than a single genetic factor) and to use official-report data. The results from both our population-based and clinically-ascertained samples represent a convergence with the results of studies incorporating other designs affirming the deleterious effects of maltreatment even when controlling for inherited risk. Future studies of the mechanisms by which maltreatment results in enduring patterns of antisocial behavior (including the possible modulation of gene expression and/or direct effects of adverse life experience on neurobehavioral development) may lend new insights into intervention strategies for offsetting the long-term sequellae of maltreatment after it occurs..
