More recently, GWAS on adolescent externalizing traits have been published. Phenotypes include behavioral disposition (McGue et al., 2013), conduct problems (both present (Anney et al., 2008) and restrospective (Dick et al., 2011)) and alcohol problems (Edwards et al., 2015). Amongst these five published GWAS reports, only two found genomewide significant results: variants within C1QTNF7 (as well as an intergenic SNP on both chromosomes 11 and 13) were associated with retrospectively reported conduct problems (Dick et al., 2011) and a variant located downstream from LOC100288337 was associated with alcohol problems (Edwards et al., 2015). Furthermore, while most studies identified short lists of variants and loci at the level of trending significance, there is little overlap between studies in terms of most significant findings. This lack of consensus parallels the fate of previous GWAS in many psychiatric disorders; GWAS studies have suffered from small sample sizes and a need for more advanced technological and statistical methodologies (McCarthy et al., 2008). Recent progress in all three areas, coupled with systems and network approaches, meta-analyses, and incorporation of both rare variants and additional structural
