higher in Whites compared with Blacks into young adulthood, controlling rigorously for socio-economic differences through the lifecourse, and document these effects for a wide range of quantity and frequency indicators of use, which are critical in order to understand disparities that emerge in health consequences of use. We suggest that the results of the present study, combined with those of Chen and Jacobsen (2012), indicate that lifecourse trajectories of substance use in general indicate limited evidence for a cross-over in early adulthood, but robust evidence for convergence for smoking.
