startle response)/overall standard deviation of ITI-related startle response] to all valence-related responses to convert the absolute startle amplitudes to T scores. Outlying responses, defined as observations three standard deviations above the mean T score of 50, were identified and excluded from our analyses. Out of a total 14455 startle response, 17 outliers were identified and excluded from analyses. Once all individual trial responses were transformed to T scores, a mean valence T score was computed by averaging responses to all presentations of slides of the same valence within a session. As a result, four mean valence T scores were calculated for each session.