The same relation between spline flexibility and SL smoothness can be observed for the CSD topographies corresponding to the visual N1 (Fig. 8C), which are highly comparable to the local Hjorth transformations using a different number of nearest neighbors (Fig. 6B). This also true for the visual P3 (Fig. 8D), where the overall activation pattern is consistent across spline flexibilities; however, its broad scalp distribution becomes discontinuous with more flexible splines (m = 2–3).