lifetime were included in analyses. AUD cases were defined as having either lifetime DSM-IV alcohol dependence or DSM-5 AUD. The controls used in this study were defined as follows: 1) 21 years or older; 2) Not meeting any criterion of DSM-IV alcohol dependence or DSM-5 alcohol use disorder during their lifetime; 3) Not having any DSM-IV drug dependence (opioid, cannabis, cocaine, sedative, and stimulant). Those not defined as AUD cases and controls were excluded from the binary AUD diagnosis analysis but were included in analyses of AUD criterion counts. Family history of AUD was obtained from parental interview, family history reports, and respondent reports as described previously (Pandey et al., 2020, Johnson et al., 2019, Bucholz et al., 2017, McCutcheon et al., 2017). In this study, an individual with a positive family history of AUD (FH+) was defined as having at least one first-degree relative with AUD. An individual with a negative family history of AUD (FH−) was defined as all first-degree relatives not having AUD. All others were defined as having unknown family history of AUD (FH?, i.e. no first-degree relatives with AUD but at least one first-degree relative with unknown status).
