European American adolescents. In a third study (Rosay, Gottfredson, Armstrong, & Harmon, 2000), the authors focused on the assessment of invariance of measures of prevention program effectiveness across five racial/ethnic groups (African American, Hispanic American, Asian American, American Indian, and European American). Half of the measures of risk and protective factors were equivalent across race; noninvariance arose typically because a measure was more reliable in the European American than the African American sample.
