available substance outcome. Thus, the same study could yield as many as 10 ORs, reflecting 5 substance types and use and abuse or dependence. When there was no positive endorsement for the substance outcome, the study was excluded for that outcome. These procedures produced 56 total effect sizes estimated from 15 eligible studies. The number of studies ranged from 3 for nonspecific drug use to 11 for alcohol abuse or dependence. Given that 3 studies is the minimum number required for moderation analysis,22 subsequent moderator analyses were allowed for all substance outcomes.
