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Chunk #35 — 3. Materials and Methods — 3.3. Research Instruments and Variables

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Relationships between Perceived Stress, Depression and Alcohol Use Disorders in University Students during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Socio-Economic Dimension.
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The items of the PSS tool included the following categories: Never (0), almost never (1), sometimes (2), often (3), very often (4), and the resulting score was the sum of the coding values (low stress (0–13), moderate stress (14–26), high stress (27–40)). The PHQ 9 items were composed of the following categories: Not at all (0), several days (1), more than half the days (2), nearly every day (3), and the resulting score was the sum of the coding values (none (0–4), mild (5–9), moderate (10–14), moderately severe (15–19), severe (20–27) depression). The AUDIT items were numerically scored from 0 to 4, and the resulting score was the sum of the individual items, which was transformed into zones representing the intensity of alcohol use disorders (ZONE I (low risk): Alcohol education (0–7); ZONE II (hazardous use): Simple advice (8–15); ZONE III (harmful use): Simple advice plus brief counselling and continued monitoring (16–19); ZONE IV (dependent use): Referral to specialist for diagnostic evaluation and treatment (20–40)). The numeric indices for abbreviations determine the number of items that each diagnostic tool contains.