nicotine dependence in populations of European ancestry compared to populations of African and Asian ancestry. Similarly, rs671 and rs1229984 will more strongly influence alcohol consumption and alcohol dependence in Asian populations compared to European and African populations. A new genetic frontier is to leverage these differences in genetic architecture across populations to refine association signals and narrow down associations to the most likely biologically causative variants. This strategy highlights the importance of recruiting, assessing, and studying diverse populations.
