Exposure to traumatic stress was derived from the PTSD items of the SSAGA, the Semi Structured Assessment of Cocaine Dependence (SSACD), or the Semi Structured Assessment of Nicotine Dependence (SSAND). Traumatic stress exposure was assessed via participant self-report of ever having “experienced or witnessed something that is so horrible that it would be distressing or upsetting to almost anyone.” It was up to the judgment of both the participant and the interviewer to assess the magnitude of distress caused by the event. Further probing by the interviewer indicated whether the trauma exposure involved physical assault, rape, sexual assault or other. For hypothesis testing, we used the SAGE items capturing the following three types of trauma: (a) sexual, (b) physical, and (c) non-physical or sexual. Examples of traumatic events are: military combat; an assault, rape, or kidnapping; seeing someone seriously injured or killed; a flood, earthquake, large fire, or other disaster; an airplane crash or serious car accident; a shooting or bombing; or any situation where you feared there was a serious threat to your life or to the life of
