and unpleasant effects, and tension reduction (Ray et al., 2009; Bujarski et al., 2015). Variability in a person’s experience of these effects is thought to influence risk for problematic alcohol use and alcohol dependence (Schuckit and Smith, 1996; King et al., 2014). The subjective response to alcohol phenotype is also known to be heritable (Viken et al., 2003; Kalu et al., 2012) and therefore has been a focus of molecular genetic, pharmacogenetic, and neuroimaging studies seeking to elucidate its role in the development of problematic alcohol use and alcohol use disorders (Enoch, 2014; Ray et al., 2016).
