Chunk #10 — Materials and methods — Definition of smoking-related phenotypes — Discovery sample

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Large-scale genome-wide association study of Asian population reveals genetic factors in FRMD4A and other loci influencing smoking initiation and nicotine dependence.

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as an ordinal trait with four categories: never, former, light, and habitual. The ND phenotype was defined as an ordinal trait with five categories according to CPD: non-smoking, <10 CPD, 11–20 CPD, 21–30 CPD, and >31 CPD. Such assessment of ND not only has been commonly used in the literature but also is the most replicative in terms of positive findings across populations (Li 2008; Thorgeirsson et al. 2008). The detailed demographic information as well as smoking-related phenotype information is given in Table 1.