Thus, children with histories of prenatal alcohol exposure had significantly lower scores than the non-exposed groups on all executive functioning measures, except on TT, regardless of ADHD diagnosis. Also, children with ADHD exhibited lower scores on the D-KEFS than children without ADHD, regardless of AE history. The AE × ADHD diagnosis interaction effects were statistically significant (p < .036) for Design Fluency, Verbal Fluency, and Trail Making (DF, VF, and TM) scaled scores. See Table 4. The interaction contrast, (AE+ vs. AE−) vs. (ADHD vs. CON), was statistically significant (ps < .024) for all three D-KEFS subtests with significant interactions. Simple effects revealed that there was a significant difference between ADHD and CON on all three D-KEFS tasks (ps < .001; ADHD < CON), however there was no difference between the alcohol-exposed groups (ps > .207). This indicated the use of a combined AE+/− group that performed marginally worse than the ADHD group on VF (p = .026) and did not differ significantly from the ADHD group on any other D-KEFS task (p > .206). The AE+/− group performed significantly worse (p < .001) than the CON group for DF, VF and TM. See Table 5.
