(Zhou et al., 2011). In addition, bilateral infusions of IL-10 into the basolateral amygdala reduced binge drinking in mice (Marshall et al., 2016). Differential expression of the JAK/STAT pathway was observed in the nucleus accumbens (Mamdani et al., 2015). Alterations in JAK/STAT signaling were also found in rhesus macaques chronically exposed to ethanol (Asquith et al., 2014; Sureshchandra et al., 2016). Thus, in addition to changes in canonical TLR signaling, chronic ethanol exposure alters many other immune signaling pathways (i.e. IL receptors, JAK/STAT). The effects of alcohol on neuroimmune systems have been reviewed recently by Crews and Ventreno (2016) and Montesinos et al. (2016). Overlapping changes in immune signaling categories have been found among different brain regions (Liu et al., 2006; McClintick et al., 2013; Zhou et al., 2011). For example, general chemokine and interleukin responses were observed in the frontal cortex, motor cortex, hippocampus, and nucleus accumbens of human alcoholics (Liu et al., 2004; Mamdani et al., 2015; Mayfield et al., 2002; McClintick et al., 2013). The brain-regional regulation of immune/inflammatory pathways by alcohol is not well established and represents a current area of focus for addiction researchers. The role of different populations of brain cells is another emerging
