We found that individuals’ own education polygenic score remained significantly associated with their own educational attainment, even in the extended path models where parental education polygenic score, parental educational attainment, income, and parenting were considered. This finding suggests the robustness of genetic effects on educational attainment and highlights the importance of further understanding how genetic and environmental mechanisms shape intergenerational transmission. Given the importance of genetic factors in intergenerational transmission of offspring outcomes, identifying mechanisms to improve prevention and intervention is important for modifying the associations between genes, environments and developmental outcomes.
