Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder remains a prevalent problem in our society (7), though there are a great deal of laboratories around the world delineating the mechanisms behind the teratogenic effects of ethanol and the underlying biochemical, molecular, and genetic events that lead to the cognitive deficits characteristic of FASD. Human beings work has identified diagnostic criteria for FASD, which has permitted the proper diagnosis of more individuals that require intervention. Animal models have also been invaluable for this body of work particularly because they allow us to examine different drugs and supplements for their potential therapeutic properties on both neural structures and observable behavior. It is critical for both fields to consider the potential lifelong implications of FASD, as there is a gap in what is understood of PNEE in adults and particularly in aged populations. Moving forward, translational research linking human beings and animal work is imperative in order to paint a vivid picture of damage caused by PNEE and to eventually find a way to overcome some of the devastating effects of PNEE.
