Fourth, similar to all psychiatric outcomes, antisocial behavior has a developmental component, and evidence from the twin literature suggests that there are genetic influences on adolescent and adult antisocial behavior that are distinct from genetic influences on child antisocial behavior.4 The degree to which the genetic associations documented here for AAB are also associated with child or adolescent antisocial behavior is not clear. The results from this study provide an empirical starting point for subsequent developmental analyses to examine these questions. Fifth, there are likely to be aspects of the environment that moderate genetic influences on AAB that we did not explicitly examine here but that may be valuable to pursue in subsequent studies. Finally, our genome-wide association approach examined only common genetic variation. There is suggestive evidence that rare nonsynonymous exonic SNPs account for 14% (P=0.05) of the variance in a behavioral disinhibition phenotype.16 As rare variant-genotyping arrays and whole-genome sequencing become more widely available and cost effective, our understanding of the genetics of AAB will improve.
