procedures are cost-effective compared to standard care. Such economic analyses have already been performed for smoking cessation treatments, and suggest that genetic testing can be beneficial under certain assumptions (54, 55). These include the allele frequency of the genetic variant examined being neither too common nor rare, and the treatment response effect size of one genotype group being sufficiently larger than the other. Even though genetic testing may not necessarily be more cost-efficient in some cases (55), a demonstration that individuals with certain genetic variants will respond better to this treatment may encourage use among those who would otherwise be reluctant to do so. There is already evidence that genetic feedback can result in behavioral modifications related to drug addiction. For example, Marteau and Munafò et al. (personal communications) have also demonstrated that disclosure of genetic information can alter behavior and treatment compliance for smoking cessation.
