Two important findings regarding impulsivity have been observed in the current study: (i) increased impulsivity in all subscales and total score of the BIS in the HR offspring compared to the LR group in each subgroup of gender and age (Fig. 7); and (ii) significant negative correlations between P3 amplitudes during gain condition and impulsivity scores, showing decreased P3 amplitude in individuals with higher impulsivity (Table 4). In light of the established view that impulsivity is a critical factor in the pathophysiology and/or risk propensity for alcoholism and related disorders (Petry, 2001; Finn et al., 2002; Moeller et al., 2002; Chen et al., 2007; Dom et al., 2007; Kamarajan et al., 2007; Rubio et al., 2007; Hanson et al., 2008; Rubio et al., 2008; Verdejo-Garcia et al., 2008; von Diemen et al., 2008; Crews and Boettiger, 2009; Rogers et al., 2010), our finding that HR offspring showed increased impulsivity may provide further evidence for the notion that etiological connections exist between impulsivity and alcoholism and other SUDs (for reviews, see Sher and Trull, 1994; Verdejo-Garcia et al., 2008; Dick et
