Prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) is associated with a vast array of adverse outcomes, including cognitive deficits, impaired executive function, altered sensory function, deficits in motor functions, mental retardation, and high comorbidities with disruptive behavioral disorders (Streissguth et al., 2004). The presence and severity of these effects can vary depending on the timing, frequency, and amount of alcohol exposure to the fetus (Fryer, McGee, Matt, Riley, & Mattson, 2007; Mattson, Crocker, & Nguyen, 2011; Streissguth, Sampson, & Barr, 1989). A recent meta-analysis of prevalence rates of PAE outcomes from around the world (identified as fetal alcohol spectrum disorders) reported a global prevalence of 22.8 per 1,000, with slightly higher rates in Canada (30.5) and the United States (33.5) (Roozen et al., 2016). The adverse effects of PAE are likely to become an even larger problem; the Center for Disease Control found the risk of an alcohol-exposed pregnancy in women of reproductive age to be 7.3%, with 3.3 million women at risk during a 1-month period (Green, McKnight-Eily, Tan, Mejia, & Denny, 2016).
