In conclusion, our results show that parental genetic predispositions toward educational attainment influence offspring educational attainment not only through direct genetic transmission, but also via social genetic effects. Parental educational attainment, income, and parenting behaviors are important pathways by which parental genotypes influence offspring educational attainment. Our findings highlight the importance of including genotypic and phenotypic data from both parents and offspring to disentangle the genetic and socio-environmental pathways underlying parental influences on human development.
