effects were stronger among adolescent males. Just as parental monitoring, deviant peer groups, and the media influence perceptions of peer use (Perkins, 2003), these same factors shape beliefs regarding gender roles and the relationship of these roles to drinking (Maccoby, 1988). The same message linking masculinity to drinking and intoxication is therefore repeated by multiple sources. Thus, gender-specific attitudes are constantly reinforced for boys, making them especially reliable predictors of alcohol use as they move through adolescence.
