Chunk #3 — 1. Introduction

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Activation of inflammatory signaling by lipopolysaccharide produces a prolonged increase of voluntary alcohol intake in mice.

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that LPS elicits TLR4 signaling in the brain by interactions with these receptors (Chakravarty and Herkenham, 2005; Gosselin and Rivest, 2008), but others have failed to find LPS within the brain parenchyma after systemic administration (Singh and Jiang, 2004). It is clear that LPS binds to TLR4on cerebral endothelial cells and this may have a role in actions of LPS on brain function (Singh and Jiang, 2004; Verma et al., 2006).