in terms of alcohol consumption than girls are influential on boys. As girls begin to develop mixed-gender peer groups, they may be more vulnerable to alcohol-related socialization by boys than from other girls. Findings from national longitudinal research supports this assertion [37]. Girls may be protected by emotional closeness to mothers, and it may be through mixed-sex friendships characterized by alcohol use that results in weakened social controls for girls. This is an area for further research, as the gender make-up of alcohol-involved peer networks was not measured in the present study.