Adolescents outside of two biological married parent families were, on average, more likely to engage in smoking, drinking, or both behaviors. The odds that those in single-mother or married stepfamilies smoked were roughly 1.5 times higher than the odds for adolescents in two biological married parent families, as shown in Model 1a. In contrast, teens in cohabiting stepfamilies experienced odds that were 2.5 times greater than those in two biological married parent families. As expected, adolescents in cohabiting stepfamilies were significantly more likely to smoke than their counterparts in either married stepfamilies or single-mother families (denoted in the table by bolded coefficients).
