On discharge from the inpatient unit, all alcohol-dependent participants were given appointments for follow-up interviews on 14, 30, and 90 days postdischarge. Reminders were sent the week prior to each appointment. Follow-up assessments included breath alcohol and urine alcohol assessment (to assess for the alcohol metabolite ethyl glucuronide, detectable for approximately 80 hours after alcohol consumption) and daily retrospective reporting of alcohol use at each follow-up assessment using the timeline follow-back method,30-33 an instrument that has been validated in drug-abusing samples34 and widely used in assessing alcohol use outcomes in previous treatment research.35 Engagement in aftercare treatment was assessed using the Treatment Services Review.36 In addition, patients provided permission to contact 3 individuals close to them and with knowledge of their alcohol use to obtain collateral information in the event that the patients were lost to follow-up. Of the 93 patients who completed the laboratory and follow-up procedures in study 2, 3 attended the 14-day but not the 30- and 90-day interviews, 2 did not attend the 14-day but attended their 30- and 90-day interviews, an additional 2 attended the
