(Kendler et al., 2013). These results underscore that the DSM disorders are primarily evolving theoretical constructs of unknown etiology rather than discrete neuro-pathologically defined diseases; while on the other hand, an accumulation of direct evidence supports an etiological basis of the disease arising from diverse genetic and environmental risk factors. Therefore, approaches that incorporate biological information such as genetic variants into a neurobiologic-functional framework will undoubtedly result in substantial improvements in treatment and risk prediction for AUD in the future.
