Subjects were ascertained by a semi-systematic approach, designed to enhance both the collection of families enriched for OD and the statistical power of reliability estimates. Interviewers traveled to the village where all subjects lived (study village) and interviewed subjects in their homes and/or a private community setting. We employed a purposive screening/enrollment strategy. Eligible individuals endorsing a personal history of opioid use/dependence and opioid use by first-, second-, or third-degree relatives were prioritized for enrollment in both the total and inter-rater reliability subsamples (per an independent, non-interviewer, research assistant). Study inclusion and exclusion criteria were 1) age ≥ 18 years, 2) verbal fluency in the Thai language, 3) Hmong heritage, 4) residence in the study village, 5) ability to understand the study requirements and give informed consent, and 6) at least two first-, second-, or third-degree family members with suspected opioid use. Fourteen of 15 families approached agreed to participate, and aside from children <18 years old, fewer than 10% of those approached were excluded (typically based on considerations of Thai fluency among the elder generations). Eligible individuals underwent a
