Despite many theoretical and empirical references to stigma, mistrust, and other negative attitudes among Blacks towards research, a few recent studies have suggested that the role of attitudes in determining ethnic minority participation in research is miniscule (Armstrong et al., 1999; Clay, Ellis, Amodeo, Fassler, & Griffin, 2003; Wendler et al., 2006). These studies have emphasized the practical impediments to research participation that disproportionately plague minority and poorer communities (Shavers-Hornaday, Lynch, Burmeister, & Torner, 1997), such as time constraints, lack of health insurance, not having access to media through which research studies are advertised, and difficulty traveling to and from research sites (Hussain-Gambles, Atkin, & Leese, 2004).
