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Chunk #0 — INTRODUCTION

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Polygenic risk and the developmental progression to heavy, persistent smoking and nicotine dependence: evidence from a 4-decade longitudinal study.
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Cigarette smoking is a costly, prevalent public health problem. The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention attribute 400,000+ deaths and $95 million in lost productivity to smoking during 2000-2004.1 About 20% of adults still smoke daily despite widespread knowledge of smoking's health effects and increasing economic costs to smokers due to rising taxes.2 Thus, more effective interventions to prevent smoking, motivate smoking cessation, and prevent relapse back to smoking are needed.3-5