This study was based on a sample of young adult women; thus, findings may not generalize to male samples or older age groups. As well, these results reflect only the specific risk factors and R/S variables selected; there are many other risk and R/S factors that should be examined. Religion and spirituality were not distinguished in this study; however, it appears that religion might be more influential in earlier stages and spirituality (notably, Existential Well-being) in later stages of alcohol progression. Methodologically, results could have been influenced by common method variance since most measures were derived from offspring self-reports. As well, since R/S is not time-invariant, religious change over time could alter these conclusions.
